貓乾糧的危險之處:生物不適性

Bio-Inappropriate: The Dangers of Dry Cat Food

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Updated: Sunday, April 21, 2019 01:09 PM

Written by Margaret Gates

 「不像給乾糧的貓,我從沒看過給予肉食的貓咪得到嚴重的肥胖、糖尿病、泌尿道疾病或是貓炎症型腸病(IBD)。而且,餵食營養均衡的生肉餐的貓咪並沒有看到營養不足的情況。我想強調的是,這些狀況在餵食生肉餐後已經完全消失。而這是一個不容忽視的結果」

-"你的貓"作者 Elizabeth Hodgkins, DVM, from Your Cat: Simple New Secrets to a Longer, Stronger Life.

"I have never seen a single case of serious obesity, diabetes, urinary tract disease, or IBD in a cat fed meat instead of commercial dry foods. Many other people have seen the same results. Further, I do not see nutritional deficiencies in cats fed properly balanced raw-meat diets. I want to emphasize a point here. The incidence of these problems has not just declined on a raw-meat diet, they have entirely disappeared. These results are too dramatic to ignore."

Elizabeth Hodgkins, DVM, from Your Cat: Simple New Secrets to a Longer, Stronger Life.

 

停止給予乾糧是改善貓咪的營養以及健康的一大步。不管是寫著頂級特別配方、或是純天然的乾糧對貓咪的健康都無益。乾糧絕大部分由澱粉和碳水化合物組成,因為它們必須使用這些成分才能製成。不管它們使用的原料有多高級都沒有用,因為這些高碳水的食物對貓咪來說並不是個好選擇。這些碳水化合物取代了對嚴格肉食動物來說非常重要的動物性健康蛋白質和脂肪,這對貓咪的健康是有害的。

It is important to remove dry food from your cat's diet. This one change alone is a big step forward in improving cat nutrition and health. Dry food, be it premium, prescription or "natural," harms your cat's health. It consists mostly of starch and carbohydrates – it must be, as it can't be manufactured and extruded otherwise. The quality of the ingredients really doesn't matter – that's not the point. Simply that it is carb-laden and dry is enough to make it a terrible choice for cats. The carbs take the place of healthy meat-derived protein and fats that are vital for an obligate carnivore. All of these factors make dry foods detrimental to health.¹

 

乾糧的問題: 

  • 低水分
  • 高碳水化合物
  • 多為植物性蛋白質而非動物性

The problems with dry food are:

  • Low moisture content
  • High in carbohydrates
  • Protein from plant rather than animal sources

 

水分含量 

Moisture Content

 

貓的食物中必須有水分。例如老鼠就含有約65%75%的水分。

Cats must have water in their food. A mouse is about 65 to 75% moisture.²

 

貓咪演化成從他們的食物中獲得大部分的水分。他們不會大量喝水,也沒有像狗或人類一樣會口渴。身為由沙漠動物演化而來的生物,他們的身體自然會濃縮尿液。只吃乾糧的貓會喝水,但是這些水量非常難達到他們應該喝的水量,這會造成他們的尿液更加濃縮。這就會造成貓咪的下泌尿道疾病。

Cats evolved getting most of their fluid intake from the foods they ate. They don't drink a lot of water and don't have the thirst drive that dogs or humans have. As creatures that evolved in the desert, they naturally concentrate their urine. A cat getting only dry foods will drink water, but will have a hard time making up for the lack of moisture in the food, leading to even more concentrated urine. This can promote feline lower urinary tract disease."³

 

貓在自然環境中得到的獵物水分含量大約是6580%,這也是你應該餵他的食物水分含量。生肉餐或是罐頭都可達到這個水分含量。 

Cats should be fed a diet with a moisture content that is close to what their natural prey diet would be: around 65 to 80 percent moisture. A raw cat food or a canned diet both are in this range. For more information on this, see "Answers: What Dry Food Does to Your Cat's Pee."

 

高碳水化合物 

High in Carbohydrate

貓在自然環境下的食物通常是齧齒類、兔子、昆蟲和鳥類,這些獵物通常含有2%以下的碳水化合物。而乾糧通常含有25-50%的碳水化合物。這些多餘的碳水化合物不只造成貓咪的肥胖,通常也會和糖尿病有關係。肥胖不會造成糖尿病,但是肥胖和糖尿病的成因通常都是同一個-攝取太多碳水化合物。

A cat's natural diet, usually rodents, rabbits, insects and birds, is usually less than 2% carbohydrate. Dry cat food is generally 25-50% carbohydrate.⁴ Not only does this excess carbohydrate promote obesity in cats, but it's also implicated in diabetes. Obesity doesn't cause diabetes. Rather, obesity and diabetes appear to have the same cause, too much carbohydrate in the diet.⁵

 

獸醫Lisa A. Pierson:「貓比起其他的哺乳類來說更無法消化利用碳水化合物,因為他們沒有一些特殊的消化酶,像是一種叫做澱粉酶的唾液酶。貓的飲食不需要碳水化合物,而且多餘的碳水化合物對他們的健康有很大的危害。」

From Lisa A. Pierson, DVM: "Cats have a physiological decrease in the ability to utilize carbohydrates due to the lack of specific enzymatic pathways that are present in other mammals, and they lack a salivary enzyme called amylase. Cats have no dietary need for carbohydrates and, more worrisome is the fact that too many carbohydrates can be highly detrimental to their health."⁶

 

營養學家Kymythy R. Schultze:「另一個不要給予穀物的原因是因為它們在身體內會分解成糖,這是貓咪身體絕不需要的東西!糖的攝取和許多疾病相關,像是癌症。高碳水化合物的食物對貓咪的身體是種殘害。碳水化合物通常被認為是生物的能量來源,但是貓咪使用蛋白質和脂肪的能力遠高於碳水化合物。」

From Kymythy R. Schultze, CN, CNC: "Another good reason not to feed grain is the fact that it breaks down into sugar within the body – something a cat definitely doesn't need! Many studies link sugar consumption to illness, including cancer. Eating a high-carb diet really wreaks havoc on a cat's body. Carbs are usually thought of as energy foods, but felines utilize protein and fat very efficiently for those needs."⁷

 

植物性蛋白質 

Protein From Plant Sources

 

獸醫Lyn Thomson:「在商業貓食中看到的蛋白質含量常會忽略兩個很重要的因素:

  • 這些蛋白質來源含有多少必需胺基酸?
  • 這些蛋白質對於貓的生物價值性有多少?

From Lyn Thomson, BVSc: "In commercial cat food, a product's stated protein percentage can ignore two very important factors:

  • How packed full of essential amino acids is that particular protein source?
  • What is the biological value of that protein to the cat?

 

蛋白質的生物價值性可以告訴我們這些蛋白質對貓咪來說的益處有多少-這些蛋白質對貓咪來說有多容易消化利用。換句話來說,生物價值性越高的蛋白質可以更容易被貓咪消化利用。

The biological value of the protein tells us how beneficial that protein is to our cats – how readily that protein can be utilised by the cat. In other words, the higher the biological value, the more usable it is to the cat.

 

雞蛋可用於當作基準來比較其他蛋白質。因為雞蛋將近完美的利用性,它的生物價值性是100。雞肉的生物價值性是79,牛肉是80。小麥的生物價值性是60,玉米是54。由此可知動物性蛋白質對貓咪來說比植物性蛋白質好消化。

Chicken eggs are used as a benchmark by which all other proteins are judged. They have a biological value of 100 – due to their near perfect usability. The biological value of chicken is 79, beef is 80. The biological value of wheat is 60, and of corn is 54.⁸ It is easy to conclude that meat proteins will have a higher digestibility for cats than plant proteins."

 

營養學家Kymythy R. Schultze:「完整的蛋白質含有充足的必需胺基酸,而這通常可在肉、魚、蛋、家禽中發現。不完整蛋白質無法提供所有的必需胺基酸,這通常來自豆類、穀類和植物。這些植物性蛋白質無法提供貓咪所需的必需胺基酸(如牛磺酸),因為這只有動物性蛋白質才有。

From Kymythy R. Schultze, CN, CNC: "Complete proteins contain ample amounts of essential amino acids and are found in foods such as meat, fish, eggs, and poultry. Incomplete proteins do not provide all essential amino acids and are found in many foods, including legumes, grains, and vegetables. These plant proteins don't provide the essential amino acids that a cat needs (such as taurine), which come from animal protein."⁹

 

其他應該避免乾糧的原因 

A Few Other Reasons to Avoid Dry Cat Food

 

乾糧對貓的牙齒健康有不好的影響。

大家以為乾糧可以幫忙清潔貓咪的牙齒,但事實並非如此。獸醫Dr. Guillermo Díaz:「乾糧的尺寸形狀通常很小,很難讓貓咀嚼到,所以貓通常都直接吞下去。這對貓咪的牙齒清潔一點用都沒有。而且這些碳水化合物以及多醣會在接觸唾液後分散沾黏到牙齒上,進而促成產生牙垢和牙周疾病。」

Dry foods are not good for your cat's dental health. People like to think that dry foods help clean a cat's teeth, but the opposite is true. According to Dr. Guillermo Díaz, MV: "The shape of the kibble is generally small in size which makes it very difficult for a cat to chew on, so they generally swallow the whole pellet as presented. This has zero polishing effect on the surface of the teeth. Moreover, when in contact with the saliva, the high content of carbohydrates, or polysaccharides, in the pellet is released and adheres on the surface of the teeth causing the first stage in the formation of tartar and periodontal disease: the formation of dental plaque."¹⁰ For much more on this, check out "Answers: What Dry Food Does to Your Cat's Teeth."

 

乾糧一開始製作出來對貓的吸引力不大,它必須在表面噴灑香料和其他味道來吸引貓咪。 已經有一整個工業崛起就為了製作噴劑供給生產這些生物不適性的食品。

Dry food as it is initially manufactured would be of no interest to a cat. It must be sprayed with flavorings and their accompanying odors to interest the cat in eating it.¹¹ An entire industry has arisen to manufacture such sprays for this biologically-inappropriate food product.

 

因為不適當的穀類儲存環境,乾糧可能含有黴菌、真菌和黴菌毒素。因為乾糧不太可能用最高品質的穀物來製作(可能是使用人不能吃的穀類)。乾糧不適合泡水食用,因為泡水會形成一個適合黴菌毒素增生的環境。

Dry food can be contaminated with mold, fungus or mycotoxins due to improper grain storage.¹² As kibble is unlikely to be made from the highest quality grain – perhaps grain not fit for human consumption – it is a further concern. Dry food should never be moistened with water, as it creates an ideal soup in which mycotoxins can proliferate. Read "Answers: One More Reason to Ditch Dry Food."

 

乾糧常會傳出因為沙門氏菌汙染而被召回。因為人們對於處理乾糧通常不會像對生肉般小心,所以乾糧可能會比生肉還危險。因為通常會小心處理以及餵食生肉,生肉的細菌感染的可能性相對低。

Pet food recalls involving salmonella contamination are commonly for dry pet food.¹³ Dry food can be more dangerous than raw cat food because people are not cautious about handling it. With a raw diet for cats, safe handling and feeding practices are followed, so contamination is unlikely.

 

 

Margaret Gates is the founder of the Feline Nutrition Foundation.

 

  1. J. S. Rand, L. M. Fleeman, H. A. Farrow, D. J. Appleton, and R. Lederer, "Canine and Feline Diabetes Mellitus: Nature or Nurture?," The Journal of Nutrition, August 2004.

  Peter J. Markwell, C. Tony Buffington, and Brigitte H. E. Smith, "The Effect of Diet on Lower Urinary Tract Diseases in Cats," The Journal of Nutrition 128, no. 12, December 1998, 2753S-2757S.

  2. Ellen S. Dierenfeld, PhD, Heather L. Alcorn, BS, and Krista L. Jacobsen, MS, "Nutrient Composition of Whole Vertebrate Prey (Excluding Fish) Fed in Zoos," 2002.

  3. Peter J. Markwell, C. Tony Buffington, and Brigitte H. E. Smith, "The Effect of Diet on Lower Urinary Tract Diseases in Cats," The Journal of Nutrition 128, no. 12, December 1998, 2753S-2757S

  4. Michael S. Hand, DVM, PhD; Craig D. Thatcher, DVM, MS, PhD, Rebecca L. Remillard, PhD, DVM, and Philip Roudebush, DVM, Small Animal Clinical Nutrition, 4th ed. Walsworth Publishing Company, 2000, 1075, 1077.

  5. J. S. Rand, L. M. Fleeman, H. A. Farrow, D. J. Appleton, and R. Lederer, "Canine and Feline Diabetes Mellitus: Nature or Nurture?," The Journal of Nutrition, August 2004.

  Susan Donoghue and Janet M. Scarlett, "Diet and Feline Obesity," The Journal of Nutrition 128, no. 12, December 1998, 2776S-2778S.

  6. Lisa A. Pierson, DVM, "We Are Feeding Cats Too Many Carbohydrates."

  7. Kymythy R. Schultze, CN, CNC, Natural Nutrition for Cats, Hay House, Inc., 2008, 29.

  8. JG Morris, "Idiosyncratic Nutrient Requirements of Cats Appear to be Diet-induced Evolutionary Adaptations," Nutrition Research Reviews 15, no. 1, June 2002, 153-68.

  9. Kymythy R. Schultze, CN, CNC, Natural Nutrition for Cats, Hay House, Inc., 2008, 23.

  10. C Zambori, E Tirziu, I Nichita, C Cumpanasoiu, RV Gros, M Seres, B Mladin and D Mot, "Biofilm Implication in Oral Diseases of Dogs and Cats," Scientific Papers: Animal Science and Biotechnologies 45, no. 2, 2012.

  11. Christopher S. Cowell, Neil P. Stout, Mark F. Brinkman, Edward A. Moser, and Stephen W. Crane, "History of Pet Food Manufacture in the United States," Small Animal Clinical Nutrition, 4th ed. Walsworth Publishing Company, 2000, 132-134.

  12. Maxwell C. K. Leung, Gabriel Díaz-Llano, and Trevor K. Smith, "Mycotoxins in Pet Food: A Review on Worldwide Prevalence and Preventative Strategies," Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 54, 2006, 9623-9635.

  13. "Update: Recall of Dry Dog and Cat Food Products Associated with Human Salmonella Schwarzengrund Infections – United States, 2008," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Centers for Disease Control, November 7, 2008. 

 

 

 

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